Headaches: common causes and what helps
In short: most headaches are not serious and ease with rest, fluids and simple pain relief. A sudden, severe headache, or one with weakness, confusion or a stiff neck, needs emergency help.
Common types
- Tension-type headache: the most common kind. A tight band or pressure around the head, often linked to stress, poor sleep or tense neck and shoulders.
- Migraine: a throbbing headache, often on one side, that can come with feeling sick, and sensitivity to light and sound. Some people see flashing lights or zigzags first (an aura).
- Medication-overuse headache: taking pain relief on many days a month can itself cause frequent headaches.
- Headaches can also come with colds, sinus problems, dehydration, hunger, too much alcohol, or caffeine withdrawal.
What can help
- Drink water and eat regular meals.
- Rest in a quiet, dark room if light and noise bother you.
- Try a cool or warm cloth on your forehead or neck.
- Over-the-counter pain relief can help. Follow the packet instructions and ask a pharmacist if you're unsure. Avoid using it on more than a few days a week.
Preventing headaches
- Keep regular sleep and meal times.
- Stay active, and take breaks from screens.
- Manage stress, and limit alcohol and caffeine.
- Keep a headache diary to spot triggers, such as certain foods, missed meals or poor sleep.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor if headaches are frequent or getting worse, they stop you from doing daily activities, you need pain relief on many days, or you're over 50 and getting new headaches.
When to get emergency help
Call 911 or your local emergency number for:
- A sudden, very severe headache ("the worst headache of my life")
- A headache with weakness, numbness, slurred speech, confusion or vision loss (possible stroke: see Signs of a stroke: act F.A.S.T.)
- A headache with fever, a stiff neck or a rash
- A headache after a head injury
- A headache with a seizure or fainting